Contoh Drama Komunikasi Intrapersonal
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The Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts between Higher and Lower Social Class in Titanic Movie
*Contoh Drama Komunikasi Intrapersonal Dalam
*Contoh Drama Komunikasi InterpersonalAbstract
Komunikasi intrapersonal merupakan keterlibatan internal secara aktif dari individu. Adapun beberapa contoh aplikasi semiotika di antara sekian banyak pilihan kajian. Komunikasi intrapersonal (intrapersonal communication), ialah proses komunikasi yang terjadi dalam diri sendiri.
The Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts between Higher and Lower Social Class in Titanic Movie
Komunikasi intrapersonal adalah komunikasi yang terjadi dengan diri sendiri yang merupakan dialog internal dan bahkan dapat terjadi saat bersama dengan orang lain sekali pun. Sebagai contoh ketika anda bersama seseorang, apa yang anda pikirkan termasuk dengan komunikasi intra personal.
*Komunikasi dokter-pasien tidak lagi seperti dahulu, yang di warnai dengan superioritas dokter dan inferioritas pasien.Dalam paradikma baru yang selaras dengan ketentuan undang undang, hubungan dokter-pasien adalah kemitraan. Pasien harus di hargai sebagai pribadi yang berhak atas tubuhnya.Pasien adalah subjek dan bukan semata-mata objek yang.
*Contoh naskah drama komunikasi intrapersonal dan interpesonal. Kode Etik Profesi Bidan.sia NOMOR 369/MENKES/SK/III/2007 TENTANG STANDAR PROFESI BIDAN.
*Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Komunikasi terapeutik. Komunikasi Efektif. Komunikasi Interpersonal Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Tags: Question 14. Report an issue. Contoh kalimat yang digunakan untuk evaluasi pada fase terminasi: answer choices “Apa saja yg sudah ibuk lakukan selama dirawat di Rumah.
*Dari contoh tersebut diatas, sudah dapat dipastikan komunikasi secara interpersonal menjadi tidak efektif dikarenakan gagal mengendalikan komunikasi dengan diri sendiri (intrapersonal). Jikalau dikembangkan lebih jauh dalam setiap proses komunikasi antara intrapersonal dan interpersonal, akan semakin jelas hubungan saling keterkaitan antara.
Isna Kusuma Maghfira
English Literature
Faculty of Languages and Arts
State University of Surabaya
firajs@gmail.com
Lisetyo Ariyanti, S.S., M.Pd.
English Department
Faculty of Languages and Arts
State University of Surabaya
Abstrak
Menurut seorang filsuf bahasa Amerika JR Searle (1969 : 22 ) berbicara bahasa adalah melakukan tindak tutur , bertindak seperti membuat laporan , memberikan perintah , mengajukan pertanyaan , atau membuat janji . Saat melakukan tindak tutur , orang dapat menggunakan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung . Dalam membuat ucapan , orang kadang-kadang menggunakan makna implisit dan kadang-kadang menggunakan makna eksplisit . Hal ini tergantung pada kondisi dan situasi speaker dan pendengar . Seseorang menggunakan Direct Speech Acts untuk memberikan informasi secara langsung kepada pendengar . Umumnya , pembicara adalah orang yang memiliki posisi lebih tinggi atau sudah memiliki hubungan yang dekat dengan pendengar . Sedangkan penggunaan tindak tutur tidak langsung adalah untuk memperbaiki apa yang ingin Anda katakan dan juga menjaga kesopanan . Sehubungan dengan penjelasan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung , penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana aplikasi tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung yang digunakan dalam film Titanic . Yang membuat penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan adalah bahwa dalam film Titanic ada perbedaan latar belakang sosial dan juga berisi dengan berbagai emosi . Penulis menekankan analisis dalam bahasa lisan yang digunakan oleh karakter . Ada beberapa perbedaan dalam penggunaan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung karena mereka berasal dari kelas yang berbeda . Dalam melakukan penelitian ini , penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena itu menganalisis data dalam bentuk kata-kata yang memerlukan intrepretasi makna , konsep , dan definisi deskriptif . Penulis menjadikan dirinya sebagai instrumen kunci yang mengumpulkan data dari percakapan yang dilakukan oleh karakter dalam film Titanic . Penulis juga menggunakan naskah film Titanic yang diadaptasi dan diperbaiki dengan film untuk membantu penelitiannya . Dengan merevisi penelitian ini , dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam komunikasi sosial , hal penting yang digunakan untuk menjadi prihatin adalah pilihan dari ucapan kita untuk melakukan percakapan yang tepat dan efektif . Peneliti selanjutnya , terutama di bidang yang sama harus mampu melihat keluar lebih dalam objek penelitian untuk membuat persepsi yang lebih baik .
KATA KUNCI : tindak tutur , langsung , tidak langsung , Titanic film
Abstract
According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle (1969: 22) speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, or making promise. While doing speech act, people can use direct and indirect speech act. In making utterance, people sometimes use implicit meaning and sometimes use explicit meaning. It depends on the condition and situation of the speakers and hearers. Someone uses Direct Speech Acts to provide information directly to the listener. Generally, the speaker is a person who has a higher position or already have a close relationship with the listener. Whereas the use of Indirect Speech Acts is to refine what you want to say and also maintain modesty. In relation with the explanation of direct and indirect speech acts, this study is purposed to find out how is the applications of direct and indirect speech acts which are used in Titanic movie. What makes this study important to be done is that in the Titanic movie there are differences of social background and it is drawn by various emotions. The writer emphasizes the analysis in the spoken language that are used by the characters. There are several differences in the use of direct and indirect speech acts since they are coming from different class. In conducting this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method because it analyzes the data in the form of words that need to intrepret the meanings, concepts, and definitions descriptively. The writer made herself as the key instrument that collected the data from the conversation performed by the characters in Titanic movie. The writers also used Titanic movie script which is adapted and corrected with the movie to help her research. By revising this study, it can be concluded that in social communication, the essential thing that used to be concerned is the options of our utterance to make a proper and effective conversation. The next researcher, especially in the same field should be able to look out deeper in the object of the study to make a better perception.
KEY WORDS: speech acts, direct, indirect, Titanic movie
INTRODUCTION
Humans are created as social creature that live along and depend on each other. Those dependences are none other to fulfill the needs of each individual. In the effort to fulfill their needs, someone must communicate each other. Humans cannot be separated from communication because it is an essential thing to exchange thoughts, messages, or information. We cannot not to communicate. In every attitude and behavior we processes, we have communication potential (Mulyana, 2000:98). In communicating with other people, someone needs a tool or intermediary to convey the message. This intermediary is language. Language is an inseparable part of our life. It is an essential tool used to transmit messages, information, thoughts, and opinions. It puts us in the society we live in; it does also determine our position in various societies.
Trudgill (in Khosyi’ul: 2007:1) states that:
Language is a social phenomenon. Society can be reflected through language. There are three factors reflected in language, those are physical environment, social environment, and social values. Physical environment is a circumstance or a place in which group live; people who live in a small group have differences in speaking from one that live in town and small groups. Social environment can be reflected in a language especially in the field of vocabulary and pronunciation. Social values are a set of norms and tradition owned by a society. The norms and tradition can be reflected in a language because society’s norms and tradition are different from other societies.
Society has a big role in determining the proper way of language use. In certain circumstances, a person should be able to apply the language on its appropriate usage. We should understand when the message is delivered, with whom we are speaking, what topics are raised, and how the message is delivered. Proper use of language is very important for communication as to avoid misunderstandings and the listener is not offended. According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle (1969: 22) speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, or making promise. While doing speech act, people can use direct and indirect speech act. In making utterance, people sometimes use implicit meaning and sometimes use explicit meaning. It is depend on the condition and situation of the speakers and hearers.
Someone uses Direct Speech Acts to provide information directly to the listener. Generally, the speaker is a person who has a higher position or already has a close relationship with the listener. Whereas the use of Indirect Speech Acts to refine what you want to say and also maintain modesty. Usually someone using the Indirect Speech Acts because he hesitate to say directly or because it the speaker and listener are distant. When people using direct and indirect speech acts, they sometimes also use slang word and imagery.
In this research, the writer use Titanic movie to be analyzed because it gives an overview of various conditions and situations of human life. Titanic movie also presents cultural and social differences that lead to form a language and communication. The characters in the movie show both direct and indirect speech acts according to the situation and condition.
Titanic is an epic movie in history – simultaneously the most expensive and the most successful movie ever made, costing $200 million and grossing over $3.7 billion worldwide as of January 1999. The record setting movie “Titanic” is based on the true history of the Titanic includes the love interest of the main characters, played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. The romantic story is not original, but this is not a bad thing. The director, Cameron re-invents the story to fit the time period and its characters. As everyone knows the true history of Titanic, it strucked an iceberg and sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic, killing 1500 of the 2200 passengers on board.
In this movie, Jack and Rose’s love story is being the point of the plot and story. But actually this movie is not just the tale of remarkable love story about Jack and Rose. It is a story of humanity presuming to tame the fortune and nature. The researcher also concerns about the setting which is taken by Titanic. This movie represents the social condition under King George V monarch in Great Britain. There is quite a lot of industrial unrest in Britain. The creation of Titanic becomes evidence about the development of Britain’s industry. Titanic, the ship of dreams is also known as unsinkable, and it was sunken on its first voyage. The society at that time thinks that everyone who rides on Titanic are the luckiest man ever. Titanic is built after the Olympic and Britannic as the first and second ships produce by White Star Line. Titanic is constructed as the biggest, largest, and, the most luxurious ship.
In Britain at this time, racial prejudices are still high. There is still a huge gap between social classes and also gender equality. Money and status is the power to control the society at that time. The society also really concerns about appropriate communication and behavior use. The main highlight of this movie is about the love story between Jack and Rose. Their love story becomes a conflict because of difference social class. Jack Dawson is a poor artist who lives with no rules and does anything he wants to do freely. While Rose DeWitt is a rich girl who lives in a strict society which is full of rules and really concern with every word and behavior conducted. Rose leaves her fiancé Caledon Hockley, a selfish and arrogant man for this poor artist. But when the Titanic strucks the iceberg on April 14th, 1992, and then when the ship sinks on April 15th, 1912 at 2:20 in the morning, Jack dies and Rose survives as she promises to Jack that she will survive and do better life. Finally, Rose and 700 other in lifeboats are saved and taken to Carpathia. The Carpathia immigration officer asks Rose what her name is and she says her name is not Rose DeWitt Bukater, but her name is Rose Dawson. She does this because she loves Jack so much and because she has promised him to get a better life, since admitting her real name which leads her life back to Caledon will not make a better life. She sees Cal looking for her, but he does not see her, and they never end up together. Her mother, Cal, friends, and families think that she died on Titanic.
In accordance to the story above, the writer use Titanic movie to be analyzed because the movie is very phenomenal and familiar. And for, in the Titanic movie, there are so many emotions drawn in the various characters which are shown in the movie. Also there are many certain circumstances in which determined their way to speak. We can imagine that there is various direct and indirect speech acts existed as the concern of this study. By using easy-understanding language, the writer aims to give a view of direct and indirect communication, the use of those, and how the application in the daily life based on the theory.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method because the following reasons. First, it aims to find out, describe, and explain the speech acts focuses on direct and indirect speech acts between higher and lower class in Titanic movie based on George Yule’s theory. Second, the data are in form of explanations or symbolic one, not number. The data are interpreted and displayed presented descriptively and systematically based on the supporting theory.
The source of data in this research is Titanic movie. The data of this study are in the form of English words, phrases, and sentences collected from the conversation used by the characters in the movie which are included the direct and indirect speech acts. Besides, to make data clearer the writer needs to find out other related sources, such as from internet that focused on everything about Titanic and also direct and indirect speech acts.
The subjects of this research are speech or word both verbal and nonverbal produced by all the characters in Titanic movie.
As the research instruments the writer the writer included herself in the key instruments. In additional, the writer also used movie script of Titanic movie to help her research. By using the script, the writer can analyze the specific problem stated easier word by word.
After acquiring the subjects of the study, the writer collects the data from the speeches used by all the character in Titanic movie. The data of this research are collected through the process as follows: (1) Watches Titanic movie and correct the movie script, (2) Reads related texts, and (3) Chooses the conversation.
Data analysis in this research was done by identifying speech acts occupying in the movie, the purpose of the speech act in the movie, and also the speech acts used in the movie. The writer arranges some steps as follows: (1) Watching and collecting information from the movie, (2) Reading and understanding the text of Titanic movie, (3) Identifying the speech acts from each scene used in the Titanic movie, (4) Discussing and classifying the speech act from each scene in the Titanic movie into direct and indirect speech acts, (5) Summarizing and concluding the research finding.
PRAGMATICS
According to Yule (1995: 4), pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. Pragmatics is about how people understand other’s thought and idea which are expressed through verbal communication.
Furthermore, Mey (2001:42) stated that pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. Levinson (1996:21) added that pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. So pragmatics can be defined as a study talking about the relationship between language and context, in which the contextual meaning of an utterance can be different from the grammatical meaning.
SPEECH ACT THEORY
According to American language philosopher J.R. Searle speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving command, as making statements, giving commands, asking questions or making promises. Searle states that all linguistic communication involves linguistic (speech) acts. In other words, speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication (1976:16). They are not mere artificial linguistic constructs as it may seem, their understanding together with the acquaintance of context in which they are performed are often essential for decoding the whole utterance and its proper meaning. The speech acts are used in standard quotidian exchanges as well as in jokes or drama for instance.
J.L. Austin is the first linguist who proposed the theory of speech act; his theory of speech act was adopted and developed by the subsequent linguists. George Yule (1996) includes speech acts classification, performatives, felicity condition, direct and indirect speech acts.
Yule (1996:47) proposes that speech acts is performed action via utterance. Another definition from Crystal in Soekemi (1995:121) mentions that speech act is a theory which analyses the role of utterance in relation to the behavior of speaker and listener in interpersonal communication. In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.
Austin in Yule (1996:48) described kinds of acts; they are locutionary act, illocutionary act and Perlocutionary act.
Locutionary Acts
This component of the speech act is probably the least ambiguous. Bach and Harnish (Bach and Harnish 1979: 19), commenting on Austin’s work, point out that Austin distinguish three aspects of the locutionary act. Austin claims that to say anything is:
A. Always to perform the act of uttering certain noises (a phonetic act)
B. Always to perform the act of uttering certain
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The Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts between Higher and Lower Social Class in Titanic Movie
*Contoh Drama Komunikasi Intrapersonal Dalam
*Contoh Drama Komunikasi InterpersonalAbstract
Komunikasi intrapersonal merupakan keterlibatan internal secara aktif dari individu. Adapun beberapa contoh aplikasi semiotika di antara sekian banyak pilihan kajian. Komunikasi intrapersonal (intrapersonal communication), ialah proses komunikasi yang terjadi dalam diri sendiri.
The Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts between Higher and Lower Social Class in Titanic Movie
Komunikasi intrapersonal adalah komunikasi yang terjadi dengan diri sendiri yang merupakan dialog internal dan bahkan dapat terjadi saat bersama dengan orang lain sekali pun. Sebagai contoh ketika anda bersama seseorang, apa yang anda pikirkan termasuk dengan komunikasi intra personal.
*Komunikasi dokter-pasien tidak lagi seperti dahulu, yang di warnai dengan superioritas dokter dan inferioritas pasien.Dalam paradikma baru yang selaras dengan ketentuan undang undang, hubungan dokter-pasien adalah kemitraan. Pasien harus di hargai sebagai pribadi yang berhak atas tubuhnya.Pasien adalah subjek dan bukan semata-mata objek yang.
*Contoh naskah drama komunikasi intrapersonal dan interpesonal. Kode Etik Profesi Bidan.sia NOMOR 369/MENKES/SK/III/2007 TENTANG STANDAR PROFESI BIDAN.
*Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Komunikasi terapeutik. Komunikasi Efektif. Komunikasi Interpersonal Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Tags: Question 14. Report an issue. Contoh kalimat yang digunakan untuk evaluasi pada fase terminasi: answer choices “Apa saja yg sudah ibuk lakukan selama dirawat di Rumah.
*Dari contoh tersebut diatas, sudah dapat dipastikan komunikasi secara interpersonal menjadi tidak efektif dikarenakan gagal mengendalikan komunikasi dengan diri sendiri (intrapersonal). Jikalau dikembangkan lebih jauh dalam setiap proses komunikasi antara intrapersonal dan interpersonal, akan semakin jelas hubungan saling keterkaitan antara.
Isna Kusuma Maghfira
English Literature
Faculty of Languages and Arts
State University of Surabaya
firajs@gmail.com
Lisetyo Ariyanti, S.S., M.Pd.
English Department
Faculty of Languages and Arts
State University of Surabaya
Abstrak
Menurut seorang filsuf bahasa Amerika JR Searle (1969 : 22 ) berbicara bahasa adalah melakukan tindak tutur , bertindak seperti membuat laporan , memberikan perintah , mengajukan pertanyaan , atau membuat janji . Saat melakukan tindak tutur , orang dapat menggunakan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung . Dalam membuat ucapan , orang kadang-kadang menggunakan makna implisit dan kadang-kadang menggunakan makna eksplisit . Hal ini tergantung pada kondisi dan situasi speaker dan pendengar . Seseorang menggunakan Direct Speech Acts untuk memberikan informasi secara langsung kepada pendengar . Umumnya , pembicara adalah orang yang memiliki posisi lebih tinggi atau sudah memiliki hubungan yang dekat dengan pendengar . Sedangkan penggunaan tindak tutur tidak langsung adalah untuk memperbaiki apa yang ingin Anda katakan dan juga menjaga kesopanan . Sehubungan dengan penjelasan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung , penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana aplikasi tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung yang digunakan dalam film Titanic . Yang membuat penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan adalah bahwa dalam film Titanic ada perbedaan latar belakang sosial dan juga berisi dengan berbagai emosi . Penulis menekankan analisis dalam bahasa lisan yang digunakan oleh karakter . Ada beberapa perbedaan dalam penggunaan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung karena mereka berasal dari kelas yang berbeda . Dalam melakukan penelitian ini , penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena itu menganalisis data dalam bentuk kata-kata yang memerlukan intrepretasi makna , konsep , dan definisi deskriptif . Penulis menjadikan dirinya sebagai instrumen kunci yang mengumpulkan data dari percakapan yang dilakukan oleh karakter dalam film Titanic . Penulis juga menggunakan naskah film Titanic yang diadaptasi dan diperbaiki dengan film untuk membantu penelitiannya . Dengan merevisi penelitian ini , dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam komunikasi sosial , hal penting yang digunakan untuk menjadi prihatin adalah pilihan dari ucapan kita untuk melakukan percakapan yang tepat dan efektif . Peneliti selanjutnya , terutama di bidang yang sama harus mampu melihat keluar lebih dalam objek penelitian untuk membuat persepsi yang lebih baik .
KATA KUNCI : tindak tutur , langsung , tidak langsung , Titanic film
Abstract
According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle (1969: 22) speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, or making promise. While doing speech act, people can use direct and indirect speech act. In making utterance, people sometimes use implicit meaning and sometimes use explicit meaning. It depends on the condition and situation of the speakers and hearers. Someone uses Direct Speech Acts to provide information directly to the listener. Generally, the speaker is a person who has a higher position or already have a close relationship with the listener. Whereas the use of Indirect Speech Acts is to refine what you want to say and also maintain modesty. In relation with the explanation of direct and indirect speech acts, this study is purposed to find out how is the applications of direct and indirect speech acts which are used in Titanic movie. What makes this study important to be done is that in the Titanic movie there are differences of social background and it is drawn by various emotions. The writer emphasizes the analysis in the spoken language that are used by the characters. There are several differences in the use of direct and indirect speech acts since they are coming from different class. In conducting this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method because it analyzes the data in the form of words that need to intrepret the meanings, concepts, and definitions descriptively. The writer made herself as the key instrument that collected the data from the conversation performed by the characters in Titanic movie. The writers also used Titanic movie script which is adapted and corrected with the movie to help her research. By revising this study, it can be concluded that in social communication, the essential thing that used to be concerned is the options of our utterance to make a proper and effective conversation. The next researcher, especially in the same field should be able to look out deeper in the object of the study to make a better perception.
KEY WORDS: speech acts, direct, indirect, Titanic movie
INTRODUCTION
Humans are created as social creature that live along and depend on each other. Those dependences are none other to fulfill the needs of each individual. In the effort to fulfill their needs, someone must communicate each other. Humans cannot be separated from communication because it is an essential thing to exchange thoughts, messages, or information. We cannot not to communicate. In every attitude and behavior we processes, we have communication potential (Mulyana, 2000:98). In communicating with other people, someone needs a tool or intermediary to convey the message. This intermediary is language. Language is an inseparable part of our life. It is an essential tool used to transmit messages, information, thoughts, and opinions. It puts us in the society we live in; it does also determine our position in various societies.
Trudgill (in Khosyi’ul: 2007:1) states that:
Language is a social phenomenon. Society can be reflected through language. There are three factors reflected in language, those are physical environment, social environment, and social values. Physical environment is a circumstance or a place in which group live; people who live in a small group have differences in speaking from one that live in town and small groups. Social environment can be reflected in a language especially in the field of vocabulary and pronunciation. Social values are a set of norms and tradition owned by a society. The norms and tradition can be reflected in a language because society’s norms and tradition are different from other societies.
Society has a big role in determining the proper way of language use. In certain circumstances, a person should be able to apply the language on its appropriate usage. We should understand when the message is delivered, with whom we are speaking, what topics are raised, and how the message is delivered. Proper use of language is very important for communication as to avoid misunderstandings and the listener is not offended. According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle (1969: 22) speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, or making promise. While doing speech act, people can use direct and indirect speech act. In making utterance, people sometimes use implicit meaning and sometimes use explicit meaning. It is depend on the condition and situation of the speakers and hearers.
Someone uses Direct Speech Acts to provide information directly to the listener. Generally, the speaker is a person who has a higher position or already has a close relationship with the listener. Whereas the use of Indirect Speech Acts to refine what you want to say and also maintain modesty. Usually someone using the Indirect Speech Acts because he hesitate to say directly or because it the speaker and listener are distant. When people using direct and indirect speech acts, they sometimes also use slang word and imagery.
In this research, the writer use Titanic movie to be analyzed because it gives an overview of various conditions and situations of human life. Titanic movie also presents cultural and social differences that lead to form a language and communication. The characters in the movie show both direct and indirect speech acts according to the situation and condition.
Titanic is an epic movie in history – simultaneously the most expensive and the most successful movie ever made, costing $200 million and grossing over $3.7 billion worldwide as of January 1999. The record setting movie “Titanic” is based on the true history of the Titanic includes the love interest of the main characters, played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. The romantic story is not original, but this is not a bad thing. The director, Cameron re-invents the story to fit the time period and its characters. As everyone knows the true history of Titanic, it strucked an iceberg and sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic, killing 1500 of the 2200 passengers on board.
In this movie, Jack and Rose’s love story is being the point of the plot and story. But actually this movie is not just the tale of remarkable love story about Jack and Rose. It is a story of humanity presuming to tame the fortune and nature. The researcher also concerns about the setting which is taken by Titanic. This movie represents the social condition under King George V monarch in Great Britain. There is quite a lot of industrial unrest in Britain. The creation of Titanic becomes evidence about the development of Britain’s industry. Titanic, the ship of dreams is also known as unsinkable, and it was sunken on its first voyage. The society at that time thinks that everyone who rides on Titanic are the luckiest man ever. Titanic is built after the Olympic and Britannic as the first and second ships produce by White Star Line. Titanic is constructed as the biggest, largest, and, the most luxurious ship.
In Britain at this time, racial prejudices are still high. There is still a huge gap between social classes and also gender equality. Money and status is the power to control the society at that time. The society also really concerns about appropriate communication and behavior use. The main highlight of this movie is about the love story between Jack and Rose. Their love story becomes a conflict because of difference social class. Jack Dawson is a poor artist who lives with no rules and does anything he wants to do freely. While Rose DeWitt is a rich girl who lives in a strict society which is full of rules and really concern with every word and behavior conducted. Rose leaves her fiancé Caledon Hockley, a selfish and arrogant man for this poor artist. But when the Titanic strucks the iceberg on April 14th, 1992, and then when the ship sinks on April 15th, 1912 at 2:20 in the morning, Jack dies and Rose survives as she promises to Jack that she will survive and do better life. Finally, Rose and 700 other in lifeboats are saved and taken to Carpathia. The Carpathia immigration officer asks Rose what her name is and she says her name is not Rose DeWitt Bukater, but her name is Rose Dawson. She does this because she loves Jack so much and because she has promised him to get a better life, since admitting her real name which leads her life back to Caledon will not make a better life. She sees Cal looking for her, but he does not see her, and they never end up together. Her mother, Cal, friends, and families think that she died on Titanic.
In accordance to the story above, the writer use Titanic movie to be analyzed because the movie is very phenomenal and familiar. And for, in the Titanic movie, there are so many emotions drawn in the various characters which are shown in the movie. Also there are many certain circumstances in which determined their way to speak. We can imagine that there is various direct and indirect speech acts existed as the concern of this study. By using easy-understanding language, the writer aims to give a view of direct and indirect communication, the use of those, and how the application in the daily life based on the theory.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method because the following reasons. First, it aims to find out, describe, and explain the speech acts focuses on direct and indirect speech acts between higher and lower class in Titanic movie based on George Yule’s theory. Second, the data are in form of explanations or symbolic one, not number. The data are interpreted and displayed presented descriptively and systematically based on the supporting theory.
The source of data in this research is Titanic movie. The data of this study are in the form of English words, phrases, and sentences collected from the conversation used by the characters in the movie which are included the direct and indirect speech acts. Besides, to make data clearer the writer needs to find out other related sources, such as from internet that focused on everything about Titanic and also direct and indirect speech acts.
The subjects of this research are speech or word both verbal and nonverbal produced by all the characters in Titanic movie.
As the research instruments the writer the writer included herself in the key instruments. In additional, the writer also used movie script of Titanic movie to help her research. By using the script, the writer can analyze the specific problem stated easier word by word.
After acquiring the subjects of the study, the writer collects the data from the speeches used by all the character in Titanic movie. The data of this research are collected through the process as follows: (1) Watches Titanic movie and correct the movie script, (2) Reads related texts, and (3) Chooses the conversation.
Data analysis in this research was done by identifying speech acts occupying in the movie, the purpose of the speech act in the movie, and also the speech acts used in the movie. The writer arranges some steps as follows: (1) Watching and collecting information from the movie, (2) Reading and understanding the text of Titanic movie, (3) Identifying the speech acts from each scene used in the Titanic movie, (4) Discussing and classifying the speech act from each scene in the Titanic movie into direct and indirect speech acts, (5) Summarizing and concluding the research finding.
PRAGMATICS
According to Yule (1995: 4), pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. Pragmatics is about how people understand other’s thought and idea which are expressed through verbal communication.
Furthermore, Mey (2001:42) stated that pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. Levinson (1996:21) added that pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. So pragmatics can be defined as a study talking about the relationship between language and context, in which the contextual meaning of an utterance can be different from the grammatical meaning.
SPEECH ACT THEORY
According to American language philosopher J.R. Searle speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving command, as making statements, giving commands, asking questions or making promises. Searle states that all linguistic communication involves linguistic (speech) acts. In other words, speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication (1976:16). They are not mere artificial linguistic constructs as it may seem, their understanding together with the acquaintance of context in which they are performed are often essential for decoding the whole utterance and its proper meaning. The speech acts are used in standard quotidian exchanges as well as in jokes or drama for instance.
J.L. Austin is the first linguist who proposed the theory of speech act; his theory of speech act was adopted and developed by the subsequent linguists. George Yule (1996) includes speech acts classification, performatives, felicity condition, direct and indirect speech acts.
Yule (1996:47) proposes that speech acts is performed action via utterance. Another definition from Crystal in Soekemi (1995:121) mentions that speech act is a theory which analyses the role of utterance in relation to the behavior of speaker and listener in interpersonal communication. In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.
Austin in Yule (1996:48) described kinds of acts; they are locutionary act, illocutionary act and Perlocutionary act.
Locutionary Acts
This component of the speech act is probably the least ambiguous. Bach and Harnish (Bach and Harnish 1979: 19), commenting on Austin’s work, point out that Austin distinguish three aspects of the locutionary act. Austin claims that to say anything is:
A. Always to perform the act of uttering certain noises (a phonetic act)
B. Always to perform the act of uttering certain
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